
Add: HeBei ShengShi HongBang Cellulose Technology CO.,LTD.


CONTACT US
+86 13180486930
Introduction to Redispersible Emulsion Powder In the dynamic landscape of modern construction and specialty chemicals, redispersible emulsion powder stands as a cornerstone additive. This versatile polymer powder, often referred to as redispersible latex powder or polymer powder , is crucial for enhancing the performance of cementitious and gypsum-based dry-mix mortars. Its primary function is to improve adhesion, flexibility, water resistance, and overall durability in a wide array of building materials. Specifically, Vinyl Acetate Ethylene (VAE) based formulations, such as VAE redispersible powder , are highly valued for their superior properties. Designed for ease of incorporation into dry blends, these powders redisperse into an emulsion upon contact with water, forming a polymer film that binds aggregates and fillers. This polymer network significantly transforms the mechanical properties of the final product, leading to more resilient and high-performing construction solutions. Its importance spans from critical infrastructure projects to residential applications, ensuring longevity and structural integrity. Manufacturing Process of Redispersible Emulsion Powder The production of redispersible emulsion powder involves a sophisticated multi-stage process, primarily focusing on the transformation of a liquid polymer emulsion into a stable, free-flowing powder. This process ensures that the inherent properties of the polymer are preserved, allowing for optimal performance upon re-emulsification. The key materials typically include Vinyl Acetate Ethylene (VAE) emulsions, protective colloids, and anti-caking agents. Process Flow Overview: Emulsion Polymerization (Initial Stage): While the core RDP manufacturing starts with a pre-existing emulsion, it's crucial to understand that the base VAE emulsion itself is produced via radical polymerization of vinyl acetate and ethylene monomers. This yields a stable aqueous dispersion of VAE copolymers, which forms the foundation of the redispersible powder . Formulation & Homogenization: The liquid polymer emulsion is precisely formulated with various additives. These include protective colloids (e.g., polyvinyl alcohol), which encapsulate the polymer particles, and sometimes defoamers or plasticizers. This mixture is then thoroughly homogenized to ensure a consistent feed for the next stage. Spray Drying: This is the most critical step. The homogenized emulsion is atomized into a fine mist within a large drying chamber, where it encounters a stream of hot air. The water rapidly evaporates, leaving behind solid polymer particles encapsulated by the protective colloid. This rapid drying prevents particle agglomeration and ensures the powder's redispersibility. Cooling & Cycloning: The dried powder is then separated from the air stream using cyclones, which collect the particles. It is subsequently cooled to prevent fusion and maintain its free-flowing nature. Anti-Caking Agent Application: A small amount of an inorganic anti-caking agent (e.g., silica or calcium carbonate) is typically blended with the powder. This prevents clumping during storage and ensures the product remains free-flowing and easily dispersible in dry-mix formulations. Sieving & Packaging: The final powder undergoes sieving to ensure uniform particle size and remove any oversized agglomerates. It is then carefully packaged into multi-ply paper bags with an inner polyethylene liner to protect against moisture and ensure a stable service life, typically up to 12 months under proper storage conditions. Quality Control & Testing Standards: Throughout the manufacturing process, stringent quality control measures are applied. Products are tested against international standards such as ISO 9001 for quality management, and various ASTM and EN standards specific to the performance of dry-mix mortars. Key parameters include solids content, ash content, bulk density, pH, redispersibility, minimum film-forming temperature (MFFT), and adhesion strength in mortar applications. These tests ensure consistent product quality and reliable performance in target industries like construction, where enhanced energy saving, superior corrosion resistance, and extended service life of materials are critical advantages. Industry Trends and Market Dynamics The market for redispersible emulsion powder is experiencing robust growth, driven by global urbanization, increasing demand for sustainable building materials, and a continuous pursuit of enhanced performance in construction. Key industry trends indicate a shift towards more specialized and environmentally friendly formulations. Sustainable Construction: There's a rising emphasis on green building practices, pushing manufacturers to develop low-VOC and formaldehyde-free polymer powder variants that contribute to healthier indoor environments and reduced ecological footprints. Specialized Applications: Demand is growing for RDPs tailored for specific, high-performance applications such as underwater concrete, 3D printing mortars, and high-strength self-leveling compounds, requiring precise control over rheology and setting times. Emerging Markets: Rapid infrastructure development in Asia-Pacific, Latin America, and Africa fuels significant demand for advanced construction chemicals, positioning these regions as major growth engines for redispersible latex powder . Technological Advancements: Continuous R&D efforts are focused on improving the dispersibility, hydrophobicity, and adhesion spectrum of RDPs, including the development of products with lower minimum film-forming temperatures suitable for colder climates. Consolidation and Collaboration: The industry is witnessing increased collaboration between raw material suppliers, RDP manufacturers, and dry-mix mortar producers to innovate and optimize product offerings. Market analysis suggests a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) for the global redispersible powder market to be in the range of 6-8% over the next five to seven years, indicating a robust and expanding sector for this critical additive. Technical Specifications and Parameters Understanding the technical specifications of VAE redispersible powder is paramount for selecting the right product for specific applications. These parameters directly influence the performance characteristics of the final mortar or adhesive. Typical Product Specifications: Redispersible Powder VAE Parameter Unit Typical Value Range Significance in Application Solid Content % ≥ 98.0 Indicates active polymer content; higher value means less inert material. Ash Content % 8 - 12 Represents inorganic content, typically from protective colloids and anti-caking agents. Bulk Density g/L 450 - 600 Affects packaging, storage, and mixing efficiency in dry-mix formulations. pH Value (10% aqueous solution) - 7.0 - 9.0 Ensures compatibility with other components in alkaline cementitious systems. Minimum Film Forming Temperature (MFFT) °C 0 - 5 Critical for film formation at ambient temperatures, influencing adhesion and flexibility. Glass Transition Temperature (Tg) °C -5 to +10 Influences the flexibility and hardness of the polymer film; lower Tg means more flexibility. Redispersibility - Excellent Ensures easy re-emulsification in water, crucial for homogeneous mortar mixing. Fineness (Residue on 80µm sieve) % ≤ 2.0 Indicates particle size distribution; finer powder generally redisperses better. These specifications allow engineers and formulators to precisely select a redispersible emulsion powder that aligns with the performance requirements of their final product, whether it's for high flexibility, improved water resistance, or enhanced adhesion. Application Scenarios The versatility of redispersible emulsion powder makes it an indispensable component across a multitude of construction applications. Its ability to impart superior characteristics significantly enhances the longevity and performance of building materials. Tile Adhesives and Grouts: RDP is a key additive in high-performance tile adhesives (e.g., C2TE grade) where it dramatically improves adhesion strength to various substrates (concrete, plasterboard) and reduces slippage, especially for large format tiles. In grouts, it enhances flexibility, reduces cracking, and improves stain resistance. Self-Leveling Compounds (SLS/SLC): For achieving perfectly smooth and flat subfloors, polymer powder enhances flowability, surface hardness, abrasion resistance, and adhesion to the underlying slab, facilitating quicker and more efficient flooring installations. External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems (ETICS/EIFS): RDPs are critical in render and adhesive mortars for ETICS, providing excellent adhesion to insulation boards, enhancing flexibility to accommodate thermal expansion/contraction, and improving crack resistance, crucial for energy-efficient facades. Repair Mortars: In concrete repair, RDP-modified mortars exhibit superior bond strength to aged concrete, improved cohesion, reduced shrinkage, and enhanced resistance to carbonation and chlorides, extending the service life of repaired structures. Skim Coats and Wall Putties: For achieving smooth and durable wall finishes, RDP improves adhesion to various surfaces, enhances workability, prevents cracking, and provides a stable base for paints and decorative finishes. Cement-Based Waterproofing Membranes: The inclusion of redispersible emulsion powder significantly enhances the flexibility and crack-bridging capabilities of waterproofing slurries, crucial for protecting basements, bathrooms, and roofs against water ingress. Powder Coatings and Dry Mix Paints: Beyond traditional construction, RDPs are also used in specific dry-mix paint formulations to improve film formation and adhesion. Customer feedback consistently highlights the superior workability and long-term performance achieved when using high-quality VAE redispersible powder . For instance, in a large-scale commercial tiling project in a high-traffic retail space, the use of RDP-modified tile adhesive resulted in zero tile detachment complaints over a 5-year period, significantly outperforming conventional adhesives. Technical Advantages and Performance Enhancement The integration of redispersible emulsion powder into dry-mix mortars yields a broad spectrum of technical advantages, directly contributing to superior material performance and extended service life in critical applications. Enhanced Adhesion Strength: RDP forms a polymer film that adheres strongly to both the substrate and the cement matrix. This significantly increases tensile bond strength, shear strength, and peel adhesion, especially crucial for demanding applications like tile adhesives on non-absorbent surfaces. Adhesion can be improved by 50-150% depending on the specific application and RDP dosage. Improved Flexibility and Elasticity: The polymer network provides internal flexibility to the hardened mortar, allowing it to withstand thermal stress, substrate movement, and minor structural deformations without cracking. This is particularly vital in ETICS, flexible tile adhesives, and waterproofing membranes. Superior Water Resistance: RDPs reduce the water absorption coefficient of mortars, making them more resistant to moisture ingress, freeze-thaw cycles, and efflorescence. This property extends the durability of external renders and waterproofing systems. Optimized Workability and Open Time: In fresh mortar, RDP improves rheology, allowing for easier mixing, application, and adjustment. It can extend the open time (time before skinning or drying prevents proper bond formation) and adjust the consistency, making installation more efficient. Increased Durability and Abrasion Resistance: The polymer film enhances the cohesion and density of the mortar matrix, leading to higher compressive and flexural strengths, better impact resistance, and significantly improved abrasion resistance, particularly beneficial for flooring compounds. Crack Bridging Capability: Flexible RDP types can bridge hairline cracks in the substrate, preventing them from propagating through the surface layer, which is essential for protective and decorative coatings. These technical advantages translate into tangible benefits for B2B clients, including reduced material consumption through improved efficiency, decreased maintenance costs due to enhanced durability, and greater confidence in the long-term performance of their construction projects. Vendor Comparison and Selection Criteria Choosing the right supplier for redispersible emulsion powder is a critical decision that impacts product quality, supply chain reliability, and overall project success. B2B decision-makers and engineers should evaluate vendors based on several key criteria beyond just price. Key Comparison Factors: Product Quality & Consistency: The ability to consistently deliver RDPs with tight specifications (e.g., MFFT, ash content, redispersibility) is paramount. Inconsistent quality leads to variable mortar performance and potential project failures. Look for ISO-certified manufacturers with robust quality control protocols. Technical Support & Expertise: A reputable vendor provides in-depth technical guidance, formulation support, and troubleshooting assistance. This includes understanding specific application challenges and recommending optimal RDP grades. R&D Capabilities & Innovation: Leading suppliers invest in research and development to offer advanced RDPs for emerging applications or to improve existing product performance, such as enhanced hydrophobicity or eco-friendly options. Supply Chain Reliability: The capacity to deliver materials on time and consistently, especially for large-scale projects, is crucial. Assess production capacity, logistics networks, and contingency plans. Certifications & Compliance: Ensure the vendor’s products comply with relevant industry standards (e.g., EN 14496, ASTM, CE markings) and environmental regulations. Customization Capabilities: For unique project requirements, a vendor capable of developing customized polymer powder solutions offers significant value. Comparative Overview of RDP Types/Vendor Strengths (Illustrative) Feature/RDP Type Standard VAE RDP High-Flexibility VAE RDP Hydrophobic VAE RDP Primary Benefit Adhesion, basic flexibility Exceptional flexibility, crack bridging Water repellency, reduced absorption Typical Applications Tile adhesives, skim coats, general mortars ETICS, flexible grouts, repair mortars Waterproofing slurries, external renders MFFT Range (°C) 0 to 5 -5 to 0 0 to 5 Water Absorption Reduction Moderate Moderate Significant (often >50%) Ease of Dispersion Excellent Excellent Good (requires careful mixing) A thorough vendor assessment ensures a stable and high-quality supply of redispersible latex powder , forming the backbone of robust construction material formulations. Customized Solutions While standard grades of redispersible emulsion powder cater to a wide range of applications, many specialized construction projects demand unique performance characteristics. Recognizing this, leading manufacturers offer customized solutions to meet precise client specifications. Customization factors can include: Tailored Flexibility: Adjusting the polymer composition to achieve a specific Glass Transition Temperature (Tg) for mortars used in extreme thermal cycling or highly flexible substrates. Enhanced Hydrophobicity: Developing redispersible powder with increased water repellency for critical waterproofing or exterior rendering applications in high-moisture environments. Optimized Open Time and Workability: Modifying the RDP to improve the application characteristics for specific regional climates (e.g., extended open time for hot, dry conditions or faster setting for cold, humid conditions). Specific Adhesion Properties: Customizing RDP for superior adhesion to challenging substrates like glass, metal, or specific types of insulation boards. Low-Dust Formulations: Providing RDPs with enhanced anti-caking properties and optimized particle size distribution to reduce dust during mixing, improving site safety and cleanliness. Eco-Friendly Variants: Developing RDPs with reduced VOC emissions or using bio-based raw materials, aligning with stringent environmental standards and green building initiatives. Our technical team collaborates closely with clients to understand their project's unique challenges and desired performance outcomes. Through rigorous R&D and pilot-scale testing, we formulate and produce bespoke VAE redispersible powder solutions that perfectly integrate into their product systems, ensuring optimal performance and cost-effectiveness. This client-centric approach empowers businesses to create highly differentiated and competitive construction materials. Application Case Studies Case Study 1: High-Rise Façade Renovation A major contractor undertaking the renovation of a 30-story commercial building faced challenges with the existing façade system. The original render showed extensive cracking and poor adhesion to the concrete substrate, exacerbated by significant thermal expansion and contraction over years. Challenge: Need for a highly flexible, durable render system with superior adhesion and crack bridging capabilities to withstand harsh weather conditions and building movement. Solution: A specialized high-flexibility redispersible emulsion powder (with a Tg of -5°C) was incorporated into the base coat and finishing render formulations. This particular VAE RDP was chosen for its exceptional elastic properties. Results: The modified render system demonstrated a 75% increase in tensile bond strength and a 60% improvement in crack resistance compared to conventional renders. After 3 years, the façade remained free of hairline cracks and delamination, providing a robust, aesthetically pleasing, and energy-efficient exterior, leading to significant savings in future maintenance costs. Case Study 2: Industrial Warehouse Flooring An industrial client required a durable and abrasion-resistant self-leveling compound for a new 10,000 m² warehouse floor that would endure heavy forklift traffic and chemical spills. The existing concrete slab had minor imperfections and required a fast-setting, high-strength overlay. Challenge: Achieve a perfectly level, exceptionally hard, and highly abrasion-resistant floor with rapid curing properties to minimize operational downtime. Solution: A performance-grade redispersible latex powder specifically engineered for high-strength flooring applications was integrated into the self-leveling compound. This RDP significantly enhanced the polymer-cement matrix. Results: The modified self-leveling compound achieved a compressive strength of >50 MPa within 28 days and showed a 40% reduction in abrasion loss (measured by Taber Abrasion Test) compared to standard formulations. The floor was ready for light traffic in 24 hours, and heavy traffic within 72 hours, significantly reducing project timelines and ensuring long-term performance under extreme conditions. Trustworthiness and Commitment () As a leading supplier of redispersible emulsion powder , we are committed to upholding the highest standards of quality, reliability, and customer satisfaction. Our operations and products reflect a dedication to expertise, authoritativeness, and unwavering trustworthiness. Authoritativeness & Certifications: ISO 9001:2015 Certified: Our quality management system is certified to ISO 9001, ensuring consistent product quality and process excellence from raw material sourcing to final delivery. ISO 14001:2015 Certified: Demonstrating our commitment to environmental responsibility, our manufacturing processes adhere to stringent environmental management standards. Extensive Industry Experience: With over 15 years in the specialty chemicals sector, we have cultivated deep expertise in polymer technology and its application in construction. Key Partner Client Portfolio: We proudly serve a diverse clientele ranging from global construction material conglomerates to specialized regional manufacturers, testifying to our product's performance and reliability. Our RDPs are rigorously tested in independent labs and meet or exceed relevant EN and ASTM standards. Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ): Q: How does redispersible emulsion powder improve water resistance? A: The polymer film formed by RDP upon drying creates a hydrophobic barrier within the mortar matrix, reducing capillary water absorption and thus improving the overall water resistance of the material. Q: What is the recommended dosage of RDP in typical mortar formulations? A: The dosage typically ranges from 1% to 10% by weight of cement, depending on the specific application, desired performance characteristics, and other additives in the formulation. Our technical team can provide precise recommendations. Q: Is VAE redispersible powder compatible with all types of cement? A: Yes, VAE-based RDPs are highly compatible with various types of cement (e.g., OPC, masonry cement) and other hydraulic binders (e.g., gypsum, lime), making them highly versatile for dry-mix formulations. Lead Time & Fulfillment: We maintain efficient logistics and production schedules to ensure timely delivery. Standard lead times for bulk orders typically range from 10-20 business days, depending on destination and order size. Expedited shipping options are available upon request. Our global distribution network ensures seamless fulfillment worldwide. Warranty & Customer Support: We offer a comprehensive product warranty guaranteeing our redispersible powder meets specified technical data sheets and is free from manufacturing defects. Our commitment extends beyond the sale with dedicated after-sales support. Our team of technical experts is available to provide detailed product information, application guidance, and troubleshooting assistance to ensure optimal results for our clients. Conclusion Redispersible emulsion powder remains an indispensable additive for the modern construction industry, providing critical enhancements to the performance and durability of dry-mix mortars. Its ability to improve adhesion, flexibility, water resistance, and overall workability positions it as a key driver for innovative and sustainable building solutions. As construction demands evolve, the continuous development of specialized polymer powder formulations will be crucial for addressing new challenges and fostering greater efficiency and longevity in infrastructure and housing projects worldwide. Partnering with an experienced and reliable manufacturer ensures access to high-quality products and the technical expertise necessary to achieve superior outcomes. References 1. Ohama, Y. (1995). Polymer-modified mortars and concrete. In Concrete and Cement Composites (Vol. 17, No. 3, pp. 189-202). Elsevier. 2. European Committee for Standardization. (2007). EN 14496: Adhesives for tiles - Adhesives for ceramic tiles - Definitions and specifications. CEN. 3. American Society for Testing and Materials. (2018). ASTM C1202: Standard Test Method for Electrical Indication of Concrete’s Ability to Resist Chloride Ion Penetration. ASTM International. 4. International Organization for Standardization. (2015). ISO 9001:2015: Quality management systems – Requirements. ISO. 5. Beushausen, H., & Raoufi, K. (2014). The effect of polymer modification on the performance of cementitious repair mortars. Construction and Building Materials, 71, 362-368.

Production

Experience

Acreage
Hypromellose, also known as hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) , is a versatile and widely used ingredient in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and food industries. Its unique properties and myriad applications showcase how it has become an indispensable component across these sectors. In the pharmaceutical field, hypromellose plays a crucial role in drug formulation and delivery. Thanks to its controlled release properties, it enhances the efficacy and patient compliance of oral medications. Many extended-release tablets employ hypromellose as a matrix to modulate the drug release profile. This capability ensures a sustained therapeutic effect, reducing the need for frequent dosing. Furthermore, hypromellose is known for its excellent biocompatibility and safety profile, making it an ideal candidate for a variety of pharmaceutical applications. As a non-toxic and non-irritant compound, it is used extensively as a coating agent to mask unpleasant tastes and protect drugs from environmental degradation. In the cosmetics industry, hypromellose is valued for its ability to improve product texture and stability. As a film-forming agent, it aids in the creation of smooth, even coats on hair and skin, contributing to the enhanced consistency and efficacy of skincare and haircare products. Its water-retentive properties also make it a popular ingredient in hydrating serums and lotions, ensuring prolonged moisturization. By regulating viscosity, hypromellose enables formulators to achieve the desired thickness and flow in creams and gels, thereby enhancing user experience. It is often used in eye drops to alleviate dryness, providing soothing relief and ensuring safety for the sensitive eye area. hypromellose hydroxypropyl methylcellulose In the food industry, hypromellose finds applications as a vegetarian-friendly alternative to gelatin and other animal-derived ingredients. Its gelling and thickening properties make it an invaluable additive in creating plant-based products, appealing to the growing demographic of vegan and vegetarian consumers. Hypromellose ensures the stability and quality of products like dairy alternatives, gluten-free baked goods, and ready-to-eat meals, enhancing mouthfeel and texture. Its safety, non-toxic nature, and ability to form clear, palatable solutions make it a trusted component in food formulations that require thickening, stabilization, or emulsification. To gain the competitive edge that Google acknowledges, it is essential to delve into experience-based, expert-backed studies and real-life case uses of hypromellose. Engaging with industry professionals and consumers who utilize this ingredient allows for collecting authentic insights that bolster the credibility of any discourse on hypromellose. Referencing scholarly articles and patents illustrates a deep understanding and authoritative stance on the topic. Building trust with an audience relies on demonstrating the consistent and reliable performance of hypromellose in various applications, asserting its undeniable importance and benefit across multiple industries.
Materials derived from natural sources, like wood cellulose , are redefining industries with their versatility and sustainability. Products such as xylem fiber , fibre made from wood pulp , and bleached wood pulp offer an eco-friendly alternative to synthetic materials while maintaining exceptional functionality. Their adaptability makes them ideal for use in construction, textiles, packaging, and beyond. Wood Cellulose: Nature’s Engineering Marvel Wood cellulose is a fundamental component of plant cell walls, known for its strength, flexibility, and lightweight properties. Derived from sustainably harvested timber, it is processed into versatile forms that cater to various industrial needs. Whether used as a construction additive, a textile fiber, or a packaging material, wood cellulose offers unmatched durability and eco-friendliness. This material is integral to modern manufacturing, especially as industries shift toward renewable resources. With its availability in forms like fibre made from wood pulp , wood cellulose is at the forefront of sustainable innovation, providing both functionality and environmental benefits. Xylem Fiber: Strength and Adaptability A specialized form of wood cellulose , xylem fiber is celebrated for its structural strength and water transport capabilities. This fiber, which mimics the natural function of xylem in trees, is ideal for applications requiring moisture resistance and durability. Industries such as paper manufacturing, filtration, and packaging rely heavily on xylem fiber for its reliability and adaptability. The increasing demand for eco-conscious materials has made xylem fiber a popular choice in product innovation. Its natural composition ensures it is biodegradable and renewable, making it a superior alternative to non-biodegradable synthetic fibers. By incorporating xylem fiber into production processes, companies can reduce their environmental impact without compromising on quality. Fibre Made from Wood Pulp: Sustainability Meets Functionality Fibre made from wood pulp is revolutionizing industries like fashion, hygiene, and construction. This material offers the strength of synthetic fibers while being more sustainable and environmentally friendly. Its softness, durability, and breathability make it a preferred choice for textiles, such as clothing and home furnishings. Beyond textiles, fibre made from wood pulp is widely used in absorbent products, including diapers and medical pads, due to its excellent moisture retention properties. Additionally, it plays a vital role in creating lightweight composites and durable building materials. The versatility of this wood cellulose derivative continues to drive innovation across sectors. Bleached Wood Pulp: A Staple in Quality Manufacturing Bleached wood pulp is a refined version of wood cellulose , processed to achieve a bright, pure-white appearance. This material is crucial in producing high-quality paper, hygiene products, and specialty applications like medical-grade textiles. Its smooth texture, uniformity, and strength make it an essential component in industries that demand precision and reliability. The bleaching process enhances the purity of bleached wood pulp , ensuring it meets strict industry standards. Moreover, modern advancements have made bleaching more sustainable, minimizing environmental impact. Whether used in premium packaging, tissue paper, or industrial filters, bleached wood pulp exemplifies how wood cellulose can deliver excellence and sustainability. Why Choose Wood Cellulose for Your Needs? Materials like wood cellulose , xylem fiber , fibre made from wood pulp , and bleached wood pulp offer a harmonious blend of sustainability, performance, and versatility. As industries pivot toward greener solutions, these natural fibers provide a reliable and eco-conscious alternative to synthetic materials. By integrating wood cellulose into products and processes, businesses can achieve superior quality while reducing their environmental footprint. From construction to textiles and packaging, the applications of these fibers are vast and impactful. Harness the power of wood cellulose and its derivatives to create innovative, sustainable, and high-performance solutions for today’s world.
200000 Viscosities
Excellent product
We can produce pure products up to 200,000 viscosities
40000 tons
High yield
We don’t stop production all year round, and the annual output can reach 40,000 tons
24 hours
Quality service
We provide 24-hours online reception service, welcome to consult at any time
———— Inquiry Form
Schedule A services
Oct . 25, 2025
Oct . 25, 2025
Oct . 25, 2025